Chemistry Reference Tables

Table A.  Standard Temperature and Pressure
Table B.  Selected Units
Table C.  Selected Prefixes
Table D.  Physical Constants for Water
Table E.  Number Prefixes
Table F.  Selected Polyatomic Ions
Table G.  Solubility Guidelines
Table H.  Ksp Values for Some Insoluble Salts at 25°C
Table I.  Common Acids
Figure J.  Solubilities of Selected Compounds
Table K.  Common Bases
Table L.  Common Acid-Base Indicators
Table M.  pKa Values for Some Common Acids
Table N.  Symbols Used in Nuclear Chemistry
Table O.  Selected Radioisotopes
Table P.  Constants Used in Nuclear Chemistry
Figure Q.  Neutron/Proton Stability Band
Table R.  Activity Series
Table S.  Std. Reduction Potentials
Table T.  Selected Properties of the Elements
Table U.  Bond Dissociation Energies & Bond Lengths
Table V.  Thermodymanic Data
Table W.  Selected Formulas and Equations
Table X.  Some Common & Equivalent Units,  and APPOXIMATE Conversions

Table A.  Standard Temperature and Pressure		Table B.  Selected Units	
Name	Values		Name	Symbol	Quantity	
Standard Pressure	1 atm	760 torr	101.3 kPa		meter	m	length	
Standard Temperature	0°C	32°F	273K		kilogram	kg	mass	
atm =	atmospheres 		Pascal	Pa	pressure	
torr =	millimeter of mercury (mm Hg)		Kelvin	K	temperature	
kPa =	kiloPascal		mole	mol	amount of substance	
°C =	degree Celsius		Joule	J	energy	
°F =	degree Fahrenheit		second	s	time	
K =	Kelvin		liter	L, ℓ	volume	
			part per million	ppm	concentration	
			molarity	M	concentration, solution	
Table C.  Selected Prefixes					
Factor	Number of Units	Prefix	Symbol					
106	1,000,000	mega-	M		Table D.  Physical Constants for Water	
103	1,000	kilo-	k		Freezing Point @ 1 atm	0°C = 273 K	
10−1	0.1	deci-	d		Boiling Point @ 1 atm	100°C = 373 K	
10−2	0.01	centi-	c		Heat of Fusion	333.6 J/g	
10−3	0.001	milli-	m		Heat of Vaporization	2270 J/g	
10−6	0.000 001	micro-	m (or u)		Specific Heat Capacity (Cp)	4.184 J/g∙K	
					Freezing Point Depression Constant (Kf)	0.52°C/m	
					Boiling Point Elevation
Constant (Kb)	1.86°C/m	

Table E.  Number Prefixes	
Number	Inorganic	Organic	Number	Inorganic	Organic	
1	mono-	meth-	6	hexa-	hex-	
2	di-	eth-	7	hepta-	hept-	
3	tri-	prop-	8	octa-	oct-	
4	tetra-	but-	9	nona-	non-	
5	penta-	pent-	10	deca-	dec-	

Table F.  Selected Polyatomic Ions				
Cations		Anions	
H3O+	hydronium		C2H3O2–
CH3COO–	acetate	CrO42–	chromate	
Hg2+	mercury (II)				Cr2O72–	dichromate	
Hg22+	mercury (I)		CN–	cyanide	NO2–	nitrite	
NH4+	ammonium		HCO3–	hydrogen carbonate
(bicarbonate)	NO3–	nitrate	
					PO43–	phosphate	
			CO32–	carbonate	HPO42–	hydrogen phosphate	
			OH–	hydroxide			
			SCN–	thiocyanate	H2PO4–	dihydrogen phosphate	
			C2O42–	oxalate			
			MnO4–	permanganate	SO32–	sulfite	
			O22–	peroxide	SO42–	sulfate	
			ClO–	hypochlorite	HSO4–	hydrogen sulfate	
			ClO2–	chlorite	S2O32–	thiosulfate	
			ClO3–	chlorate			
			ClO4–	perchlorate			

Table G.  Solubility Guidelines	
Ions That Form
SOLUBLE Compounds	EXCEPT when
combined with	Ions That Form INSOLUBLE Compounds	EXCEPT
when combined with	
Group I ions (e.g., Li+, Na+, etc.)		carbonate (CO32–)	Group I ions,
ammonium (NH4+)	
ammonium (NH4+)		chromate (CrO42–)		
nitrate (NO3–)		phosphate (PO43–)		
acetate (C2H3O2– or CH3COO–)		sulfide (S2–)		
hydrogen carbonate (HCO3–)		hydroxide (OH–)	Group I ions,
NH4+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+	
chlorate (ClO3–)				
perchlorate (ClO4–)				
halides (Cl–, Br–, I–)	Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+			
sulfates (SO42–)	Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+			

Table H.  Ksp Values for Some Insoluble Salts at 25°C	
Compound	Ksp	Compound	Ksp	Compound	Ksp	
MgCO3	1.0 × 10−5	CaF2	3.9 × 10−11	Zn(OH)2	7.9 × 10−18	
PbCl2	1.7 × 10−5	Mg(OH)2	1.0 × 10−11	FeS	4.0 × 10−18	
BaF2	2.0 × 10−6	Ag2CrO4	9.0 × 10−12	HgCl	2.0 × 10−18	
CuCl	1.0 × 10−6	CuI	5.0 × 10−12	ZnS	1.0 × 10−23	
PbI2	1.6 × 10−8	AgBr	3.3 × 10−13	PbS	8.4 × 10−28	
AgOH	1.0 × 10−8	PbSO4	2.5 × 10−13	CdS	3.6 × 10−29	
BaCO3	8.1 × 10−9	PbCO3	1.6 × 10−13	Al(OH)3	1.6 × 10−34	
CaCO3	3.8 × 10−9	Mn(OH)2	4.0 × 10−14	CuS	8.7 × 10−36	
SrCO3	9.4 × 10−10	PbCrO4	1.8 × 10−14	Fe(OH)3	1.3 × 10−36	
AgCl	1.8 × 10−10	Fe(OH)2	1.6 × 10−14	Ag2S	2.0 × 10−50	
BaSO4	1.1 × 10−10	AgI	1.5 × 10−16	HgS	3.0 × 10−53	

Table I.  Common Acids		Figure J.  Solubilities of Selected Compounds	
Formula	Name			
HCl (aq)	hydrochloric acid			
HNO3 (aq)	nitric acid			
H2SO4 (aq)	sulfuric acid			
H3PO4 (aq)	phosphoric acid			
H2CO3 (aq)	carbonic acid			
HC2H3O2 (aq)
or CH3COOH (aq)	ethanoic acid
(acetic acid)			

Table K.  Common Bases			
Formula	Name			
NaOH (aq)	sodium hydroxide			
KOH (aq)	potassium hydroxide			
Ca(OH)2 (aq)	calcium hydroxide			
NH3 (aq)	aqueous ammonia			

Table L.  Common Acid-Base Indicators			
Indicator	Approx. pH
Range for
Color Change	Color Change			
bromophenol blue	3.0 – 4.6	yellow−purple			
methyl orange	3.2 – 4.4	red−yellow			
bromocresol green	3.8 – 5.4	yellow−blue			
methyl red	4.4 – 6.2	red−yellow			
litmus	5.5 – 8.2	red−blue			
bromothymol blue	6.0 – 7.6	yellow−blue			
phenol red	6.8 – 8.4	yellow−red			
thymol blue	8.0 – 9.6	yellow−blue			
phenolphthalein	8.2 – 10	clear−pink			

Table M.  pKa Values for Some Common Acids	
Acid	pKa	Conj. Base	Acid	pKa	Conj. Base	Acid	pKa	Conj. Base	
H2O	15.7	OH−	H2CO3	6.4	HCO3−	HNO3	−1.4	NO3−	
HPO42−	12.6	PO43−	CH3COOH	4.8	CH3COO−	H3O+	−1.7	H2O	
HCO3−	10.2	CO32−	HCOOH	3.7	HCOO−	HCl	−7.0	Cl−	
NH4+	9.2	NH3	HNO2	3.3	NO2−	HBr	−9.0	Br−	
HCN	9.1	CN−	HF	3.2	F−	HI	−10	I−	
H2PO4−	7.2	HPO42−	H3PO4	2.2	H2PO4−	HClO4	−10	ClO4−	
H2S	7.0	HS−	HSO4−	2.0	SO42−	H2SO4	−12	HSO4−	

Any acid with a pKa value less than 0 is a strong acid; any base with a pKa value greater than 14 is a strong base.

Table N.  Symbols Used in Nuclear Chemistry		Table O.  Selected Radioisotopes	
Name	Notation	Symbol		Nuclide	Half-Life	Decay Mode	
alpha particle	 or 	a		3H	12.26 y	b−	
beta particle (electron)	 or 	b −		14C	5730 y	b−	
gamma radiation		g		16N	7.2 s	b−	
neutron		n		19Ne	17.2 s	b+	
proton	 or 	p		32P	14.3 d	b−	
positron	 or 	b +		37K	1.23 s	b+	
				42K	12.4 h	b−	
Table P.  Constants Used in Nuclear Chemistry		37Ca	0.175 s	b−	
Constant	Value		53Fe	8.51 min	b−	
mass of an electron (me)	0.00055 amu		60Co	5.26 y	b−	
mass of a proton (mp)	1.00728 amu		85Kr	10.76 y	b−	
mass of a neutron (mn)	1.00867 amu		90Sr	28.1 y	b−	
Bequerel (Bq)	1 disintegration/second		99Tc	2.13 x 105 y	b−	
Curie (Ci)	3.7 x 1010 Bq		131I	8.07 d	b−	
			137Cs	30.23 y	b−	
Figure Q.  Neutron/Proton Stability Band		198Au	2.69 d	b−	
		222Rn	3.82 d	a	
		220Fr	27.5 s	a	
		226Ra	1600 y	a	
		232Th	1.4 x 1010 y	a	
		233U	1.62 x 105 y	a	
		235U	7.1 x 108 y	a	
		238U	4.51 x 109 y	a	
		239Pu	2.44 x 104 y	a	

					

					

					

Table R.  Activity Series		Table S.  Std. Reduction Potentials	
Metals	Nonmetals		Half-Reaction	E0 (V)	
Reacts with cold H2O and acids, replacing hydrogen. Reacts with O2, forming oxides.	Li	F2		Li+ + e−  Li(s)	−3.040	
	Cs	Cl2		Cs+ + e−  Cs(s)	−3.026	
	Rb	Br2		Rb+ + e−  Rb(s)	−2.98	
	K	I2		K+ + e−  K(s)	−2.931	
	Ba			Ba2+ + 2 e−  Ba(s)	−2.912	
	Sr			Sr2+ + 2 e−  Sr(s)	−2.899	
	Ca			Ca2+ + 2 e−  Ca(s)	−2.868	
	Na			Na+ + e−  Na(s)	−2.71	
Reacts with steam (not cold H2O) and acids, replacing hydrogen. Reacts with O2, forming oxides.	Mg			Mg2+ + 2 e−  Mg(s)	−2.372	
	Be			Be2+ + 2 e−  Be(s)	−1.85	
	Al			Al3+ + 3 e−  Al(s)	−1.66	
	Mn			Mn2+ + 2 e−  Mn(s)	−1.029	
	Zn			2 H2O + 2 e−  
H2(g) + 2 OH−	−0.828	
	Cr					
	Fe			Zn2+ + 2 e−  Zn(s)	−0.762	
	Cd			Cr3+ + 3 e−  Cr(s)	−0.74	
Does not react with H2O. Reacts with acids, replacing hydrogen. Reacts with O2, forming oxides.	Co			Fe2+ + 2 e−  Fe(s)	−0.44	
	Ni			Cr3+ + e−  Cr2+	−0.42	
	Sn			Cd2+ + 2 e−  Cd(s)	−0.40	
	Pb			Co2+ + 2 e−  Co(s)	−0.28	
	H2			Ni2+ + 2 e−  Ni(s)	−0.25	
Reacts with O2, forming oxides.	Sb			Sn2+ + 2 e−  Sn(s)	−0.13	
	Bi			Pb2+ + 2 e−  Pb(s)	−0.13	
	Cu			2 H+ + 2 e−  H2(g)	0.000	
Fairly unreactive, forming oxides only indirectly.	Ag			S(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  H2S(g)	+0.14	
	Hg			Sn4+ + 2 e−  Sn2+	+0.15	
	Pt			Cu2+ + e−  Cu+	+0.159	
	Au			Cu2+ + 2 e−  Cu(s)	+0.340	
Arrows indicate direction from LEAST to MOST active elements.  An element can replace any element below itself on the activity series.		Cu+ + e−  Cu(s)	+0.520	
		I2(s) + 2 e−  2 I−	+0.54	
		Fe3+ + e−  Fe2+	+0.77	
				Ag+ + e−  Ag(s)	+0.800	
				Hg22+ + 2 e−  2 Hg(l)	+0.80	
				Hg2+ + 2 e−  Hg(l)	+0.85	
				2 Hg2+ + 2 e−  Hg22+	+0.91	
				Br2(l) + 2 e−  2 Br−	+1.07	
				Pt2+ + 2 e−  Pt(s)	+1.188	
				O2(g) + 4 H+ + 4 e−  2 H2O	+1.23	
				Cl2(g) + 2 e−  2 Cl−	+1.36	
				Au3+ + 3 e−  Au(s)	+1.52	
				Co3+ + e−  Co2+	+1.82	
				F2(g) + 2 e−  2 F−	+2.87	
Eo values at 1M concentration and 1 atm.              

Table T.  Selected Properties of the Elements	
atomic
#	atomic symbol	element
name	atomic mass (IUPAC 2005)	Melting Point, °C	Boiling Point, °C	density g/mL	electronegativity (Pauling)	1st ionization potential (kJ/mol)	Electron Affinity (kJ/mol)	atomic radius
(pm)	common oxidation states	
89	Ac	actinium	227	1050	3200	10.1	1.1	499	—	—	+3	
13	Al	aluminum	26.9815386	660	2467	2.7	1.61	578	42	143	+3	
95	Am	americium	243	994	2607	13.7	1.3	578	—	173	+3,4,5,6	
51	Sb	antimony	121.76	631	1950	6.69	2.05	834	103	140	+3,5	
18	Ar	argon	39.948	−189.2	−185.7	0.00178	—	1521	< 0	98	0	
33	As	arsenic	74.9216	817	617	5.73	2.18	947	78	120	±3,+5	
85	At	astatine	210	302	337	—	2.2	917	270	—	—	
56	Ba	barium	137.327	725	1640	3.5	0.89	503	14	222	+2	
97	Bk	berkelium	247	986	—	14	1.3	601	—	170	+3,4	
4	Be	beryllium	9.012182	1278	2970	1.85	1.57	899	< 0	112	+2	
83	Bi	bismuth	208.9804	271	1560	9.75	2.02	703	92	150	+3,5	
107	Bh	bohrium	264	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	
5	B	boron	10.811	2079	2550	2.34	2.04	801	27	85	+3	
35	Br	bromine	79.904	−7.2	58.8	3.12	2.96	1140	324	114	±1,+5	
48	Cd	cadmium	112.411	320.9	765	8.65	1.69	868	< 0	151	+2	
20	Ca	calcium	40.078	839	1484	1.55	1	590	4	197	+2	
98	Cf	californium	251	—	—	—	1.3	608	—	186	+3	
6	C	carbon	12.0107	3367	4827	2.25	2.55	1086	122	77.2	±4	
58	Ce	cerium	140.116	798	3257	6.66	1.12	534	—	182	+3,4	
55	Cs	cesium	132.9054519	28.4	669	1.87	0.79	376	45	265	+1	
17	Cl	chlorine	35.453	−101	−34.6	0.00321	3.16	1251	348	100	−1	
24	Cr	chromium	51.9961	1857	2672	7.19	1.66	653	65	128	+3,2,6	
27	Co	cobalt	58.933195	1495	2870	8.9	1.88	760	64	125	+2,3	
29	Cu	copper	63.546	1083	2567	8.96	1.9	745	120	128	+2,1	
96	Cm	curium	247	1340	—	13.5	1.3	581	—	174	+3	
110	Ds	darmstadtium	281	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	
105	Db	dubnium	262	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	
66	Dy	dysprosium	162.5	1412	2567	8.55	1.22	573	—	178	+3	
99	Es	einsteinium	252	—	—	—	1.3	619	—	186	+3	
68	Er	erbium	167.259	1529	2868	9.07	1.24	589	—	176	+3	
63	Eu	europium	151.964	822	1529	5.24		—	547	—	208	+3,2	
100	Fm	fermium	257	—	—	—	1.3	627	—	—	+3	
9	F	fluorine	18.9984032	−219.8	−188.1	0.0017	3.98	1681	328	72	−1	
87	Fr	francium	223	27	677	—	0.7	380	44	—	+1	
64	Gd	gadolinium	157.25	1313	3273	7.9	1.2	593	—	180	+3	
31	Ga	gallium	69.723	29.8	2403	5.9	1.81	579	29	135	+3	
32	Ge	germanium	72.64	947.4	2830	5.32	2.01	762	119	122.3	+4,2	
79	Au	gold	196.966569	1064	3080	19.3	2.54	890	223	144	+3,1	
72	Hf	hafnium	178.49	2227	4600	13.3	1.3	659	0	159	+4	
108	Hs	hassium	277	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	
2	He	helium	4.002602	−272.2	−268.9	0.000179	—	2372	<0	31	0	
67	Ho	holmium	164.93032	1474	2700	8.8	1.23	581	—	176	+3	
1	H	hydrogen	1.00794	−259.1	−252.9	0.0000699	2.2	1312	72	37.1	±1	
49	In	indium	114.818	156.6	2080	7.31	1.78	558	29	167	+3	
53	I	iodine	126.90447	113.5	184	4.93	2.66	1008	295	133	−1,+5,7	
77	Ir	iridium	192.217	2410	4130	22.4	2.2	878	151	136	+4,3,6	
26	Fe	iron	55.845	1535	2750	7.86	1.83	762	15	126	+3,2	
36	Kr	krypton	83.798	−157	−152	0.00374	3	1351	< 0	112	0	

atomic
#	atomic symbol	element
name	atomic mass (IUPAC 2005)	Melting Point, °C	Boiling Point, °C	density g/mL	electronegativity (Pauling)	1st ionization potential (kJ/mol)	Electron Affinity (kJ/mol)	atomic radius
(pm)	common oxidation states	
57	La	lanthanum	138.90547	920	3454	6.15	1.1	538	48	187	+3	
103	Lr	lawrencium	262	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	+3	
82	Pb	lead	207.2	327.5	1740	11.4	2.33	716	35	146	+2,4	
3	Li	lithium	6.941	180.5	1342	0.543	0.98	520	60	152	+1	
71	Lu	lutetium	174.967	1663	3402	9.84	1.27	524	—	174	+3	
12	Mg	magnesium	24.305	649	1090	1.74	1.31	738	< 0	160	+2	
25	Mn	manganese	54.938045	1244	1962	7.43	1.55	717	< 0	127	+2,3,4,6,7	
109	Mt	meitnerium	268	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	
101	Md	mendelevium	258	—	—	—	1.3	635	—	—	+3,2	
80	Hg	mercury	200.59	−38.9	357	13.5	2	1007	< 0	151	+2,1	
42	Mo	molybdenum	95.94	2617	4612	10.2	2.16	684	72	139	+6,3,5	
60	Nd	neodymium	144.242	1016	3127	7	1.14	533	—	181	+3	
10	Ne	neon	20.1797	−248	−248.7	0.0009	—	2081	< 0	71	0	
93	Np	neptunium	237	640	3900	20.2	1.36	605	—	155	+5,3,4,6	
28	Ni	nickel	58.6934	1453	2730	8.9	1.91	737	112	124	+2,3	
41	Nb	niobium	92.90638	2468	4742	8.57	1.6	652	87	146	+5,3	
7	N	nitrogen	14.0067	−209.9	−195.8	0.00125	3.04	1402	< 0	70	−3	
102	No	nobelium	259	—	—	—	1.3	642	—	—	+2,3	
76	Os	osmium	190.23	3045	5030	22.6	2.2	839	106	135	+4,6,8	
8	O	oxygen	15.9994	−218.4	−183	0.00143	3.44	1314	141	73	−2	
46	Pd	palladium	106.42	1554	3140	12	2.2	804	54	137	+2,4	
15	P	phosphorus	30.973762	44.1	280	1.82	2.19	1012	72	110	−3	
78	Pt	platinum	195.084	1772	3827	21.4	2.28	868	206	139	+4,2	
94	Pu	plutonium	239	641	3232	19.8	1.28	585	—	159	+4,3,5,6	
84	Po	polonium	209	254	962	9.32	2	812	183	168	+4,2	
19	K	potassium	39.0983	63.25	760	0.86	0.82	419	48	227	+1	
59	Pr	praseodymium	140.90765	931	3017	6.77	1.13	527	—	182	+3,4	
61	Pm	promethium	145	1042	3000	7.26	—	535	—	183	+3	
91	Pa	protactinium	231.03588	1570	4000	15.4	1.5	568	—	163	+5,4	
88	Ra	radium	226	700	1140	5	0.9	509	—	—	+2	
86	Rn	radon	222	−71	−61.8	0.00973	—	1037	< 0	—	0	
75	Re	rhenium	186.207	3180	5600	21	1.9	760	14	137	+7,4,6	
45	Rh	rhodium	102.9055	1966	3727	12.4	2.28	720	110	134	+3,4,6	
111	Rg	roentgentium	272	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	
37	Rb	rubidium	85.4678	38.9	686	1.53	0.82	403	47	248	+1	
44	Ru	ruthenium	101.07	2310	3900	12.4	2.2	710	101	134	+4,3,6,8	
104	Rf	rutherfordium	261	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	
62	Sm	samarium	150.36	1074	1794	7.52	1.17	545	—	180	+3,2	
21	Sc	scandium	44.955912	1541	2832	2.99	1.36	633	18	162	+3	
106	Sg	seaborgium	266	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	
34	Se	selenium	78.96	217	685	4.79	2.55	941	195	119	+4,−2,+6	
14	Si	silicon	28.0855	1410	2355	2.33	1.9	787	134	117.6	±4	
47	Ag	silver	107.8682	962	2212	10.5	1.93	731	125	144	+1	
11	Na	sodium	22.98976928	97.8	883	0.971	0.93	496	53	186	+1	
38	Sr	strontium	87.62	769	1384	2.54	0.95	549	11	215	+2	
16	S	sulfur	32.065	112.8	444.7	2.07	2.58	1000	201	103	−2	
73	Ta	tantalum	180.94788	2996	5425	16.6	1.5	761	31	146	+5	
43	Tc	technetium	98	2172	4877	11.5	1.9	702	53	136	+7,4,6	

atomic
#	atomic symbol	element
name	atomic mass (IUPAC 2005)	Melting Point, °C	Boiling Point, °C	density g/mL	electronegativity (Pauling)	1st ionization potential (kJ/mol)	Electron Affinity (kJ/mol)	atomic radius
(pm)	common oxidation states	
52	Te	tellurium	127.6	449.5	989.8	6.24	2.1	869	190	142	+4,6,−2	
65	Tb	terbium	158.92535	1365	3230	8.23	—	569	—	177	+3,4	
81	Tl	thallium	204.3833	303	1457	11.9	1.62	589	19	170	+1,3	
90	Th	thorium	232.03806	1750	4790	11.7	1.3	587	—	179	+4	
69	Tm	thulium	168.93421	1545	1950	9.32	1.25	597	—	176	+3,2	
50	Sn	tin	118.71	232	2270	7.31	1.96	709	107	140.5	+4,2	
22	Ti	titanium	47.867	1660	3287	4.54	1.54	659	8	147	+4,3,2	
74	W	tungsten	183.84	3410	5660	19.3	2.36	770	83	139	+6,4	
112	Uub	ununbium	285	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	
116	Uuh	ununhexium	292	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	
118	Uuo	ununoctium	294	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	
115	Uup	ununpentium	288	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	
114	Uuq	ununquadium	289	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	
113	Uut	ununtrium	284	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	
92	U	uranium	238.02891	1132	3818	19	1.38	598	—	156	+6,3,4,5	
23	V	vanadium	50.9415	1890	3380	6.11	1.63	651	51	134	+5,2,3,4	
54	Xe	xenon	131.293	−111.8	−107.1	0.00589	2.6	1170	< 0	131	0	
70	Yb	ytterbium	173.04	819	1196	6.97	—	603	—	193	+3,2	
39	Y	yttrium	88.90585	1523	3337	4.47	1.22	600	30	180	+3	
30	Zn	zinc	65.409	419.6	906	7.13	1.65	906	< 0	134	+2	
40	Zr	zirconium	91.224	1852	4377	6.51	1.33	640	41	160	+4	

Table U.  Bond Dissociation Energies & Bond Lengths

Values given are homolytic bond dissociation energies, meaning that the electrons are divided equally between the two atoms.

Hydrogen Compounds	
Bond	D
(kJ/mol)	r
(pm)	
H − H	432	74	
H − B	389	119	
H − C	411	109	
H − Si	318	148	
H − Ge	288	153	
H − Sn	251	170	
H − N	386	101	
H − P	322	144	
H − As	247	152	
H − O	459	96	
H − S	363	134	
H − Se	276	146	
H − Te	238	170	
H − F	565	92	
H − Cl	428	127	
H − Br	362	141	
H − I	295	161	

Group VIIA Compounds	
Bond	D
(kJ/mol)	r
(pm)	
F − F	155	142	
Cl − Cl	240	199	
Br − Br	190	228	
I − I	148	267	
At − At	116	?	
I − O	201	?	
I − F	273	191	
I − Cl	208	232	
I − Br	175	?	

Group IIIA Compounds	
Bond	D
(kJ/mol)	r
(pm)	
B − B	293	?	
B − O	536	?	
B − F	613	?	
B − Cl	456	175	
B − Br	377	?	

Group IVA Compounds	
Bond	D
(kJ/mol)	r
(pm)	
C − C	346	154	
C = C	602	134	
C ≡ C	835	120	
C − Si	318	185	
C − Ge	238	195	
C − Sn	192	216	
C − Pb	130	230	
C − N	305	147	
C = N	615	129	
C ≡ N	887	116	
C − P	264	184	
C − O	358	143	
C = O	799	120	
C ≡ O	1072	113	
C − B	356	?	
C − S	272	182	
C = S	573	160	
C − F	485	135	
C − Cl	327	177	
C − Br	285	194	
C − I	213	214	
Si − Si	222	233	
Si − N	355	?	
Si − O	452	163	
Si − S	293	200	
Si − F	565	160	
Si − Cl	381	202	
Si − Br	310	215	
Si − I	234	243	
Ge − Ge	188	241	
Ge − N	257	?	
Ge − F	470	168	
Ge − Cl	349	210	
Ge − Br	276	230	
Ge − I	212	?	
Sn − F	414	?	
Sn − Cl	323	233	
Sn − Br	273	250	
Sn − I	205	270	
Pb − F	331	?	
Pb − Cl	243	242	
Pb − Br	201	?	
Pb − I	142	279	

Group VA Compounds	
Bond	D
(kJ/mol)	r
(pm)	
N − N	167	145	
N = N	418	125	
N ≡ N	942	110	
N − O	201	140	
N = O	607	121	
N − F	283	136	
N − Cl	313	175	
P − P	201	221	
P − O	335	163	
P = O	544	150	
P = S	335	186	
P − F	490	154	
P − Cl	326	203	
P − Br	264	?	
P − I	184	?	
As − As	146	243	
As − O	301	178	
As − F	484	171	
As − Cl	322	216	
As − Br	458	233	
As − I	200	254	
Sb − Sb	121	?	
Sb − F	440	?	
Sb − Cl(5)	248	?	
Sb − Cl(3)	315	232	

Group VIA Compounds	
Bond	D
(kJ/mol)	r
(pm)	
O − O	142	148	
O = O	494	121	
O − F	190	142	
S = O	522	143	
S − S(8)	226	205	
S = S	425	149	
S − F	284	156	
S − Cl	255	207	
Se − Se	172	?	
Se = Se	272	215	

Table V.  Thermodymanic Data

Standard enthalpy of formation  & standard entropy  for selected compounds.  Note that standard enthalpy values are in kiloJoules, whereas entropy values are in Joules.

Substance	State			
Ag	s	0	42.6	
Ag+	aq	105.79	72.7	
AgCl	s	−127.01	96.2	
AgBr	s	−100.4	107.1	
AgNO3	s	−124.4	140.9	
Al	s	0	28.3	
Al+3	aq	−538.4	−321.7	
AlCl3	s	−704	110.7	
Al2O3	s	−1675.7	50.9	
Ba	s	0	62.8	
BaCl2	s	−858.6	123.7	
BaCO3	s	−1216.3	112.1	
Ba(NO3)2	s	−992	214	
BaO	s	−553.5	70.4	
Ba(OH)2	s	−998.2	112	
BaSO4	s	−1473.2	132.2	
Br2	ℓ	0	152.2	
C	s	0	5.7	
CCl4	ℓ	−135.4	216.4	
CHCl3	ℓ	−134.5	201.7	
CH4	g	−74.8	186.2	
C2H2	g	+226.7	200.8	
C2H4	g	+52.3	219.5	
C2H6	g	−84.7	229.5	
C3H8	g	−103.8	269.9	
CH3OH	ℓ	−238.7	126.8	
C2H5OH	ℓ	−277.7	160.7	
CO	g	−110.53	197.6	
CO2	g	−393.51	213.6	
CO3−2	aq	−675.23	−56.9	
Ca	s	0	41.4	
Ca+2	aq	−543.0	−53.1	
CaCl2	s	−795.8	104.6	
CaCO3	s	−1206.9	92.9	
CaO	s	−634.92	39.8	
Ca(OH)2	s	−986.1	83.4	
CaSO4	s	−1434.1	106.7	
Cd	s	0	51.8	
Cd+2	aq	−75.92	−73.2	
CdCl2	s	−391.5	115.3	
CdO	s	−258.35	54.8	
Cl2	g	0	223.0	
Cl−	aq	−167.080	56.5	
ClO4−	aq	−128.10	182.0	
Cr	s	0	23.8	
Cr2O3	g	−1139.7	81.2	
Cu	s	0	33.2	
Cu+	aq	+71.7	40.6	
Cu+2	aq	+64.8	−99.6	
CuO	s	−157.3	42.6	
Cu2O	s	−168.6	93.1	
CuS	s	−53.1	66.5	
Cu2S	s	−79.5	120.9	
CuSO4	s	−771.4	107.6	
F−	aq	−335.35	−13.8	
F2	g	0	202.7	
Fe	s	0	27.3	
Fe(OH)3	s	−823.0	106.7	
Fe2O3	s	−824.2	87.4	
Fe3O4	s	−1118.4	146.4	
H2	g	0	130.6	
H+	aq	0	0.0	
HBr	g	−36.29	198.6	
HCO3−	aq	−689.93	91.2	
HCl	g	−92.31	186.8	
HF	g	−273.30	173.7	
HI	g	26.50	206.5	
HNO3	ℓ	−174.1	155.6	
HPO4−2	aq	−1299.0	−33.5	
HSO4−	aq	−886.9	131.8	
H2O	ℓ	−285.830	69.9	
H2O	g	−241.826	188.7	
H2PO4−	aq	−1302.6	90.4	
H2S	g	−20.6	205.7	
Hg	ℓ	0	76.0	
Hg+2	aq	170.21	−32.2	
HgO	cr	−90.79	70.3	
I−	aq	−56.78	111.3	
I2	s	0	116.1	
K	s	0	64.2	
K+	aq	−252.14	102.5	
KBr	s	−393.8	95.9	
KCl	s	−436.7	82.6	
KClO3	s	−397.7	143.1	
KClO4	s	−432.8	151.0	
KNO3	s	−494.6	133.0	
Mg	s	0	32.7	
Mg+2	aq	−467.0	−138.1	
MgCl2	s	−641.3	89.6	
MgCO3	s	−1095.8	65.7	
MgO	s	−601.60	26.9	
Mg(OH)2	s	−924.5	63.2	
MgSO4	s	−1284.9	91.6	
Mn	s	0	32.0	
Mn+2	aq	−220.8	−73.6	
MnO	s	−385.2	59.7	
MnO2	s	−520.0	53.0	
N2	g	0	191.5	
NH3	g	−45.94	192.3	
NH4+	aq	−133.26	113.4	
NO2−	aq	−104.6	123.0	
NO3−	aq	−206.85	146.4	
N2H4	ℓ	+50.6	121.2	
NH4Cl	s	−314.4	94.6	
NH4NO3	s	−365.6	151.1	
NO	g	+90.2	210.7	
NO2	g	+33.2	240.0	
N2O4	g	+9.2	304.2	
Na	s	0	51.2	
Na+	aq	−240.34	59.0	
NaCl	s	−411.2	72.1	
NaF	s	−573.6	51.5	
NaOH	s	425.6	64.5	
Ni	s	0	29.9	
NiO	s	−239.7	38.0	
OH−	aq	−230.015	−10.8	
O2	g	0	205.0	
P4	s	0	164.4	
PCl3	g	−287.0	311.7	
PCl5	g	−374.9	364.5	
PO4−3	aq	−1277.4	−222	
Pb	s	0	64.8	
Pb+2	aq	0.92	10.5	
PbBr2	s	−278.7	161.5	
PbCl2	s	−359.4	136.0	
PbO	s	−219.0	66.5	
PbO2	s	−277.4	68.6	
S	s	0	31.8	
SO2	g	−296.81	248.1	
SO3	g	−395.7	256.7	
SO4−2	aq	−909.34	20.1	
S	-	2	aq	
Si	s	0	18.8	
SiO2	s	−910.7	41.8	
Sn	s	0	51.6	
Sn+2	aq	−8.9	−17.4	
SnO2	s	−577.63	52.3	
Zn	s	0	41.6	
Zn+2	aq	−153.39	−112.1	
ZnI2	s	−208.0	161.1	
ZnO	s	−350.46	43.6	
ZnS	s	−206.0	57.7	

Table W.  Selected Formulas and Equations	
Density		D = density	M = mass	V = volume	
Mole Conversions	1 mol = [molar mass] g	       (molar mass = formula weight = gram formula mass)	
	1 mol = 22.4 L of gas at S.T.P.	(S.T.P. = 0°C and 1 atm)	
	1 mol = 6.022 × 1023 molecules, atoms, or particles	
Percent Error		
Percent Composition		
Concentration		

		
Combined Gas Law
     (plus moles)		P = pressure		n = moles	
		V = volume	T = temperature (K)	
Ideal Gas Law	PV = nRT	P = pressure	n = number of moles	
		V = volume (L)	T = temperature (K)	
			
Pressure	1 atm  =  101.3 kPa  =  760 torr  =  760 mm Hg  =  29.92 in. Hg  =  1.013 bar  =  14.7 psi	
	PA = χAPT	PA= partial pressure of A	χA = mole fraction of A	
	PT = PA + PB + PC + … 	PT = total pressure		
Titration	MAVA = MBVB	MA = molarity of H3O+	MB = molarity of OH−	
		VA = volume of acid	VB = volume of base	
Colligative Properties	Tf = imKf	Tf = freezing point depression (°C)	Tb = boiling point elevation (°C)	
		Kf = freezing point depression constant (H2O = 0.52 °C/m)	
	Tb = imKb	Kb = boiling point elevation constant (H2O = 1.86 °C/m)	
		i = van’t Hoff factor (dissociation factor)	π = osmotic pressure	
	π = iM RT	m = molality	M = molarity (mol/L)	
		R = ideal gas constant	T = temperature (K)	
Acid-Base	pH = −log[H3O+]		pKa = −log(Ka)	
	pOH = −log[OH−]			
	pH + pOH = 14		pKb = −log(Kb)	
	Kw= Ka∙Kb = 1 × 10−14			
Equilibrium	Kp = KC(RT)Δn	Kp = gas press.
        equil. const.	Kc = molar conc.
        equil. const.	Δn = change in
         # moles	
Heat	q = m Cp T		q = heat	T = change in temperature	
	q = m Hf		m = mass	Hf = heat of fusion	
	q = m Hv		Cp = specific heat capacity	Hv = heat of vaporization	
Thermodynamics	ΔG° = ΔH° − TΔS°
ΔG° = −RT ln K	G° = standard free energy	S° = standard entropy	
		H° = standard enthalpy	T = temperature (K)	
Electrochemistry		I = current (amperes)	q = charge (Coulombs)	t = time (seconds)	
		F = Faraday’s constant = 96,000 Coulomb per mole electrons	
	ΔG° = −nFE°	n = moles of electrons	E° = standard reduction potential	
Temperature	K = °C + 273 	K = Kelvin	
	°C= (°F−32) * 5/9	°C = degrees Celsius	°F = degrees Fahrenheit	
Radioactive Decay		 A = amount left
Ao = original amount	t = total elapsed time
T = half-life	number of half-lives = 	
 Table X.  Some Common & Equivalent Units, 
and APPOXIMATE Conversions

Some Common & Equivalent Units	
Length	1 in (inch)	=	2.54 cm			
	12 in	=	1 ft (foot)			
	3 ft	=	1 yd (yard)			
	5,280 ft	=	1 mi (mile)	=	1,760 yd	
						
Mass	1 lb (pound)	=	16 oz	~	454 g	
	1 ton	=	2000 lb			
	1 tonne	=	1000 kg			
						
Volume	1 pinch	=	≤ teaspoon			
	3 teaspoons	=	1 tablespoon (Tbsp)			
	2 tablespoons	=	1 ounce			
	8 oz. (ounces)	=	1 cup			
	2 cups	=	1 pint			
	2 pints	=	1 quart			
	4 quarts	=	1 gallon			

Some APPROXIMATE Conversions	
 Length	1 cm	~	width of a small paper clip	
	6 in	~	length of a (US) dollar bill	
	1 ft	~	30 cm			
	1 m	~	1 yd			
	1 mi	~	1.6 km			
	0.6 km	~	1 mi			
						
Volume	1 pinch	~	≤ teaspoon			
	1 mL	~	10 drops			
	1 teaspoon (tsp)	~	5 mL	~	60 drops	
	1 tablespoon (Tbsp)	=	3 tsp	~	15 mL	
	2 Tbsp.	=	1 fl. oz.	~	30 mL	
	1 C (cup)	=	8 fl. oz.	~	250 mL	
	1 qt (quart)	~	1 L			
						
Mass	1 small paper clip	~	1 gram (g)			
	1 nickel (5¢ coin)	~	5 g			
	1 oz	~	30 g			
	1 pound (lb)	=	16 oz	~	0.5 kg	
	1 ton	=	2000 lb	~	1 tonne	
						
Speed	60 mi/h	~	100 km/h	~	30 m/s	
						
Density	air	~	1 g/L			
	water	~	1 g/mL	~	8 lb/gal	
		~	1 tonne/m3	~	1 ton/yd3